CALS
β
Conlang Atlas of Language Structures
Log in
|
Sign up
Languages
|
Features
|
Translations
|
Words
|
People
|
Statistics
All features
---------
Consonant Inventories
Vowel Quality Inventories
Consonant-Vowel Ratio
Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives
Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems
Uvular Consonants
Glottalized Consonants
Lateral Consonants
The Velar Nasal
Vowel Nasalization
Front Rounded Vowels
Syllable Structure
Tone
Fixed Stress Locations
Weight-Sensitive Stress
Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems
Rhythm Types
Absence of Common Consonants
Presence of Uncommon Consonants
Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives
Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives
Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb
Locus of Marking in the Clause
Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases
Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology
Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology
Reduplication
Case Syncretism
Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking
Number of Genders
Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems
Systems of Gender Assignment
Coding of Nominal Plurality
Occurrence of Nominal Plurality
Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns
The Associative Plural
Definite Articles
Indefinite Articles
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection
Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives
Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives
Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives
Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns
Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns
Indefinite Pronouns
Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns
Person Marking on Adpositions
Number of Cases
Asymmetrical Case-Marking
Position of Case Affixes
Comitatives and Instrumentals
Ordinal Numerals
Distributive Numerals
Numeral Classifiers
Conjunctions and Universal Quantifiers
Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes
Obligatory Possessive Inflection
Possessive Classification
Genitives, Adjectives and Relative Clauses
Adjectives without Nouns
Action Nominal Constructions
Noun Phrase Conjunction
Nominal and Verbal Conjunction
Perfective/Imperfective Aspect
The Past Tense
The Future Tense
The Perfect
Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes
The Morphological Imperative
The Prohibitive
Imperative-Hortative Systems
The Optative
Situational Possibility
Epistemic Possibility
Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking
Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality
Coding of Evidentiality
Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect
Verbal Number and Suppletion
Order of Subject, Object and Verb
Order of Subject and Verb
Order of Object and Verb
Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb
Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase
Order of Genitive and Noun
Order of Adjective and Noun
Order of Demonstrative and Noun
Order of Numeral and Noun
Order of Relative Clause and Noun
Order of Degree Word and Adjective
Position of Polar Question Particles
Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions
Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun
Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases
Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns
Alignment of Verbal Person Marking
Expression of Pronominal Subjects
Verbal Person Marking
Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking
Order of Person Markers on the Verb
Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give'
Reciprocal Constructions
Passive Constructions
Antipassive Constructions
Applicative Constructions
Periphrastic Causative Constructions
Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions
Negative Morphemes
Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation
Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation
Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation
Polar Questions
Predicative Possession
Predicative Adjectives
Nominal and Locational Predication
Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals
Comparative Constructions
Relativization on Subjects
Relativization on Obliques
'Want' Complement Subjects
Purpose Clauses
'When' Clauses
Reason Clauses
Utterance Complement Clauses
Hand and Arm
Finger and Hand
Numeral Bases
Number of Non-Derived Basic Colour Categories
Number of Basic Colour Categories
Green and Blue
Red and Yellow
M-T Pronouns
N-M Pronouns
Tea
Irregular Negatives in Sign Languages
Question Particles in Sign Languages
Writing Systems
Para-Linguistic Usages of Clicks
Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb
Position of Negative Morpheme With Respect to Subject, Object and Verb
Conlang type
Compare
Polar Questions
WALS
In-depth description:
Only at
WALS
Values:
Conlangs:
Question particle
(339 languages)
Interrogative verb morphology
(94 languages)
Mixture of previous two types
(24 languages)
Interrogative word order
(31 languages)
Absence of declarative morphemes
(2 languages)
Interrogative intonation only
(45 languages)
No interrogative-declarative distinction
(12 languages)
Natlangs:
Question particle
(80 languages)
Interrogative verb morphology
(16 languages)
Mixture of previous two types
(2 languages)
Interrogative word order
(3 languages)
Absence of declarative morphemes
(0 languages)
Interrogative intonation only
(17 languages)
No interrogative-declarative distinction
(1 language)
Pygal
0
0
40
40
80
80
120
120
160
160
200
200
240
240
280
280
320
320
Question partic…
Question particle
Interrogative v…
Interrogative verb morphology
Mixture of prev…
Mixture of previous two types
Interrogative w…
Interrogative word order
Absence of decl…
Absence of declarative morphemes
Interrogative i…
Interrogative intonation only
No interrogativ…
No interrogative-declarative distinction
339
42.230769230769226
247.5
Question particle
94
142.78021978021977
419.49200136147033
Interrogative verb morphology
24
243.32967032967034
468.63257317903333
Mixture of previous two types
31
343.8791208791208
463.71851599727705
Interrogative word order
2
444.4285714285714
484.07675289312454
Absence of declarative morphemes
45
544.978021978022
453.89040163376444
Interrogative intonation only
12
645.5274725274726
477.05667120490125
No interrogative-declarative distinction
80
86.47252747252747
429.320115724983
Question particle
16
187.02197802197801
474.248638529612
Interrogative verb morphology
2
287.57142857142856
484.07675289312454
Mixture of previous two types
3
388.12087912087907
483.3747447243022
Interrogative word order
0
488.67032967032964
485.4807692307692
Absence of declarative morphemes
17
589.2197802197802
473.54663036078966
Interrogative intonation only
1
689.7692307692308
484.7787610619469
No interrogative-declarative distinction
Conlang
Natlang
