Features for Arapesh

This language is cloned from WALS. If you need to cite or disagree with any data on this language, you will have to do so at WALS, not here.

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Phonology

Consonant Inventories WALS Moderately small
Vowel Quality Inventories WALS Large (7-14)
Consonant-Vowel Ratio WALS Moderately low
Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives WALS In plosives alone
Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems WALS None missing in /p t k b d g/
Uvular Consonants WALS None
Glottalized Consonants WALS No glottalized consonants
Lateral Consonants WALS /l/, no obstruent laterals
The Velar Nasal WALS No velar nasal
Vowel Nasalization WALS Contrast absent
Front Rounded Vowels WALS None
Syllable Structure WALS Moderately complex
Tone WALS No tones
Fixed Stress Locations WALS Penultimate
Weight-Sensitive Stress WALS Fixed stress
Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems WALS No weight
Absence of Common Consonants WALS All present
Presence of Uncommon Consonants WALS None

Morphology

Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives WALS Exclusively concatenative
Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives WALS No case
Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb WALS 4-5 categories per word
Locus of Marking in the Clause WALS Head marking
Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases WALS Dependent marking
Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology WALS Inconsistent or other
Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology WALS Weakly prefixing
Reduplication WALS Productive full and partial reduplication
Case Syncretism WALS No case marking
Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking WALS Not syncretic

Nominal Categories

Number of Genders WALS Five or more
Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems WALS Sex-based
Systems of Gender Assignment WALS Semantic and formal
Coding of Nominal Plurality WALS Plural suffix
Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns WALS Person-number stem + pronominal plural affix
The Associative Plural WALS Unique affixal associative plural
Indefinite Articles WALS Indefinite word distinct from 'one'
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns WALS No inclusive/exclusive
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection WALS No inclusive/exclusive
Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives WALS Two-way contrast
Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives WALS Identical
Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives WALS Related to non-remote demonstratives
Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns WALS 3rd person only, but also non-singular
Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns WALS No politeness distinction
Person Marking on Adpositions WALS No adpositions
Number of Cases WALS No morphological case-marking
Asymmetrical Case-Marking WALS No case-marking
Position of Case Affixes WALS No case affixes or adpositional clitics
Comitatives and Instrumentals WALS Differentiation
Ordinal Numerals WALS None

Nominal Syntax

Obligatory Possessive Inflection WALS Absent
Possessive Classification WALS No possessive classification
Action Nominal Constructions WALS No action nominals

Verbal Categories

Perfective/Imperfective Aspect WALS No grammatical marking
The Past Tense WALS No past tense
The Future Tense WALS Inflectional future exists
The Perfect WALS No perfect
Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes WALS Tense-aspect prefixes
The Morphological Imperative WALS Second singular and second plural
The Prohibitive WALS Normal imperative + special negative
Imperative-Hortative Systems WALS Neither type of system
The Optative WALS Inflectional optative absent
Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality WALS No grammatical evidentials
Coding of Evidentiality WALS No grammatical evidentials
Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect WALS None
Verbal Number and Suppletion WALS None

Word Order

Order of Subject, Object and Verb WALS SVO
Order of Subject and Verb WALS SV
Order of Object and Verb WALS VO
Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase WALS Prepositions
Order of Genitive and Noun WALS No dominant order
Order of Adjective and Noun WALS Adjective-Noun
Order of Demonstrative and Noun WALS Demonstrative-Noun
Order of Numeral and Noun WALS Numeral-Noun
Position of Polar Question Particles WALS Final
Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions WALS Not initial interrogative phrase
Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause WALS Mixed
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase WALS VO and Prepositions
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun WALS VO and AdjN
Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb WALS OptDoubleNeg
Position of Negative Morpheme With Respect to Subject, Object and Verb WALS OptDoubleNeg

Simple Clauses

Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases WALS Neutral
Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns WALS Neutral
Alignment of Verbal Person Marking WALS Active
Expression of Pronominal Subjects WALS Subject affixes on verb
Verbal Person Marking WALS Both the A and P arguments
Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking WALS No zero realization
Order of Person Markers on the Verb WALS A precedes P
Reciprocal Constructions WALS No reciprocals
Passive Constructions WALS Absent
Antipassive Constructions WALS No antipassive
Applicative Constructions WALS Benefactive and other; both bases
Negative Morphemes WALS Negative particle
Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation WALS Both
Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation WALS A/NonReal
Polar Questions WALS Question particle
Predicative Adjectives WALS Mixed
Nominal and Locational Predication WALS Different
Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals WALS Possible
Comparative Constructions WALS Conjoined

Complex Sentences

Relativization on Subjects WALS Gap
Purpose Clauses WALS Balanced
Utterance Complement Clauses WALS Balanced

Lexicon

M-T Pronouns WALS No M-T pronouns
N-M Pronouns WALS No N-M pronouns

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