Features for Basque

This language is cloned from WALS. If you need to cite or disagree with any data on this language, you will have to do so at WALS, not here.

Consonant Inventories ^WALS	Average
Vowel Quality Inventories ^WALS	Average (5-6)
Consonant-Vowel Ratio ^WALS	Moderately high
Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives ^WALS	In plosives alone
Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems ^WALS	None missing in /p t k b d g/
Uvular Consonants ^WALS	None
Glottalized Consonants ^WALS	No glottalized consonants
Lateral Consonants ^WALS	/l/, no obstruent laterals
The Velar Nasal ^WALS	No velar nasal
Vowel Nasalization ^WALS	Contrast absent
Front Rounded Vowels ^WALS	None
Syllable Structure ^WALS	Complex
Tone ^WALS	No tones
Absence of Common Consonants ^WALS	All present
Presence of Uncommon Consonants ^WALS	None

Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives ^WALS	Exclusively concatenative
Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives ^WALS	Monoexponential case
Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb ^WALS	4-5 categories per word
Locus of Marking in the Clause ^WALS	Double marking
Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases ^WALS	Dependent marking
Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology ^WALS	Inconsistent or other
Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology ^WALS	Weakly suffixing
Reduplication ^WALS	No productive reduplication
Case Syncretism ^WALS	Core cases only
Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking ^WALS	Not syncretic

Number of Genders ^WALS	None
Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems ^WALS	No gender
Systems of Gender Assignment ^WALS	No gender
Coding of Nominal Plurality ^WALS	Plural clitic
Occurrence of Nominal Plurality ^WALS	All nouns, always obligatory
Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns ^WALS	Person-number stem
The Associative Plural ^WALS	Unique periphrastic associative plural
Definite Articles ^WALS	Definite word distinct from demonstrative
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns ^WALS	No inclusive/exclusive
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection ^WALS	No inclusive/exclusive
Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives ^WALS	Three-way contrast
Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives ^WALS	Identical
Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives ^WALS	Related for all demonstratives
Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns ^WALS	No gender distinctions
Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns ^WALS	Binary politeness distinction
Indefinite Pronouns ^WALS	Interrogative-based
Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns ^WALS	Differentiated
Person Marking on Adpositions ^WALS	No person marking
Number of Cases ^WALS	10 or more cases
Asymmetrical Case-Marking ^WALS	Syncretism in relevant NP-types
Position of Case Affixes ^WALS	Postpositional clitics
Comitatives and Instrumentals ^WALS	Differentiation
Ordinal Numerals ^WALS	First, two-th, three-th
Distributive Numerals ^WALS	Marked by suffix
Numeral Classifiers ^WALS	Absent
Conjunctions and Universal Quantifiers ^WALS	Formally different

Obligatory Possessive Inflection ^WALS	Absent
Possessive Classification ^WALS	No possessive classification
Genitives, Adjectives and Relative Clauses ^WALS	Highly differentiated
Adjectives without Nouns ^WALS	Without marking
Action Nominal Constructions ^WALS	Sentential
Noun Phrase Conjunction ^WALS	'And' different from 'with'
Nominal and Verbal Conjunction ^WALS	Identity

Perfective/Imperfective Aspect ^WALS	Grammatical marking
The Past Tense ^WALS	Present, no remoteness distinctions
The Future Tense ^WALS	Inflectional future exists
The Perfect ^WALS	Other perfect
Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes ^WALS	Mixed type
The Morphological Imperative ^WALS	Second singular and second plural
The Prohibitive ^WALS	Normal imperative + normal negative
Imperative-Hortative Systems ^WALS	Neither type of system
The Optative ^WALS	Inflectional optative absent
Situational Possibility ^WALS	Affixes on verbs
Epistemic Possibility ^WALS	Affixes on verbs
Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking ^WALS	Overlap for both possibility and necessity
Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality ^WALS	Indirect only
Coding of Evidentiality ^WALS	Separate particle
Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect ^WALS	Tense
Verbal Number and Suppletion ^WALS	None

Order of Subject, Object and Verb ^WALS	SOV
Order of Subject and Verb ^WALS	SV
Order of Object and Verb ^WALS	OV
Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb ^WALS	XOV
Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase ^WALS	Postpositions
Order of Genitive and Noun ^WALS	Genitive-Noun
Order of Adjective and Noun ^WALS	Noun-Adjective
Order of Demonstrative and Noun ^WALS	Noun-Demonstrative
Order of Numeral and Noun ^WALS	Numeral-Noun
Order of Relative Clause and Noun ^WALS	Relative clause-Noun
Order of Degree Word and Adjective ^WALS	Degree word-Adjective
Position of Polar Question Particles ^WALS	Other position
Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions ^WALS	Not initial interrogative phrase
Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause ^WALS	Final subordinator word
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase ^WALS	OV and Postpositions
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun ^WALS	OV and RelN
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun ^WALS	OV and NAdj
Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb ^WALS	NegV
Position of Negative Morpheme With Respect to Subject, Object and Verb ^WALS	SONegV

Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases ^WALS	Active-inactive
Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns ^WALS	Active - inactive
Alignment of Verbal Person Marking ^WALS	Ergative
Expression of Pronominal Subjects ^WALS	Subject affixes on verb
Verbal Person Marking ^WALS	Both the A and P arguments
Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking ^WALS	No zero realization
Order of Person Markers on the Verb ^WALS	P precedes A
Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give' ^WALS	Indirect-object construction
Reciprocal Constructions ^WALS	Distinct from reflexive
Passive Constructions ^WALS	Present
Antipassive Constructions ^WALS	Oblique patient
Applicative Constructions ^WALS	No applicative construction
Periphrastic Causative Constructions ^WALS	Purposive but no sequential
Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions ^WALS	Morphological but no compound
Negative Morphemes ^WALS	Negative particle
Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation ^WALS	Asymmetric
Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation ^WALS	A/Cat
Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation ^WALS	Predicate negation also present
Polar Questions ^WALS	Question particle
Predicative Possession ^WALS	'Have'
Predicative Adjectives ^WALS	Nonverbal encoding
Nominal and Locational Predication ^WALS	Different
Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals ^WALS	Impossible
Comparative Constructions ^WALS	Particle

Relativization on Subjects ^WALS	Gap
Relativization on Obliques ^WALS	Not possible
Purpose Clauses ^WALS	Deranked
'When' Clauses ^WALS	Balanced/deranked
Reason Clauses ^WALS	Balanced/deranked
Utterance Complement Clauses ^WALS	Balanced

Hand and Arm ^WALS	Different
Finger and Hand ^WALS	Different
Numeral Bases ^WALS	Hybrid vigesimal-decimal
M-T Pronouns ^WALS	No M-T pronouns
N-M Pronouns ^WALS	No N-M pronouns
Tea ^WALS	Words derived from Sinitic cha

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