Himmaswa: Phonology: Vowel Quality Inventories: Large (7-14)

Nine basic vowel qualities: / a æ e ə i o œ u ʌ / Basic vowels undergo diphthongization (fronting, backing, closing, centring) and variations in phonation (length, tenseness, rhoticity, breathiness, creakiness)

Full vowel phoneme inventory (38 total) (followed by standard romanization):

a (6): /a a̰ː a̰ɪ̯ a̰ʊ̯ a̰˞ː a̤/ (a, aa, ai, ao, ar, ah)

æ (1): /æi̯/ (aiy)

e (4): /ɛ ej ɛə̯ ɛ̤ç/ (e, ey, ea, eh)

ə (3): /əi̯ ɚː ɚ̰ː/ (ay, ur, er)

i (7): /ɪ iː iə̯ iɔ̯ iə̯ʊ̯ ɪ̤ç i̤ə̯/ (i, ee, ia, io, iau, ih, iah)

o (6): /ɔ ɔ̰ ɔ̯o ɔ̰ɪ̯ ɔ̰˞ː ɔ̤/ (o, au, oa, oy, or, oh)

œ (3): /œ øœ̯ œɔ̯/ (eu, euu, euo)

u (6): /ʊ uː ʊɪ̯ uə̯ uə̯ɪ̯ ʊ̤/ (ou, oo, ui, ua, ooay, ooh)

ʌ (2): /ʌ ʌu̯/ (u, uoo)

Notes: