Features for Ingush

This language is cloned from WALS. If you need to cite or disagree with any data on this language, you will have to do so at WALS, not here.

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Phonology

Consonant Inventories WALS Large
Vowel Quality Inventories WALS Average (5-6)
Consonant-Vowel Ratio WALS High
Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives WALS In both plosives and fricatives
Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems WALS None missing in /p t k b d g/
Uvular Consonants WALS Uvular stops and continuants
Glottalized Consonants WALS Ejectives only
Lateral Consonants WALS /l/, no obstruent laterals
The Velar Nasal WALS No velar nasal
Vowel Nasalization WALS Contrast absent
Front Rounded Vowels WALS None
Syllable Structure WALS Complex
Tone WALS No tones
Fixed Stress Locations WALS Initial
Weight-Sensitive Stress WALS Fixed stress
Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems WALS No weight
Absence of Common Consonants WALS All present
Presence of Uncommon Consonants WALS Pharyngeals

Morphology

Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives WALS Exclusively concatenative
Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives WALS Monoexponential case
Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb WALS 10-11 categories per word
Locus of Marking in the Clause WALS Double marking
Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases WALS Dependent marking
Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology WALS Inconsistent or other
Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology WALS Strongly suffixing
Case Syncretism WALS Core and non-core
Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking WALS Not syncretic

Nominal Categories

Number of Genders WALS Five or more
Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems WALS Sex-based
Systems of Gender Assignment WALS Semantic and formal
Coding of Nominal Plurality WALS Plural suffix
Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns WALS Person-number stem
The Associative Plural WALS No associative plural
Definite Articles WALS No definite or indefinite article
Indefinite Articles WALS No definite or indefinite article
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns WALS Inclusive/exclusive
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection WALS No person marking
Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives WALS Two-way contrast
Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives WALS Unrelated
Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns WALS No gender distinctions
Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns WALS Identical
Person Marking on Adpositions WALS No person marking
Number of Cases WALS 10 or more cases
Asymmetrical Case-Marking WALS Syncretism in relevant NP-types
Position of Case Affixes WALS Case suffixes
Ordinal Numerals WALS First, two-th, three-th
Distributive Numerals WALS Marked by reduplication
Numeral Classifiers WALS Absent
Conjunctions and Universal Quantifiers WALS Formally similar, with interrogative
Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes WALS No possessive affixes

Nominal Syntax

Obligatory Possessive Inflection WALS Absent
Possessive Classification WALS No possessive classification
Genitives, Adjectives and Relative Clauses WALS Highly differentiated
Adjectives without Nouns WALS Marked by suffix
Action Nominal Constructions WALS Sentential

Verbal Categories

Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes WALS Tense-aspect suffixes
The Morphological Imperative WALS Second person number-neutral
The Prohibitive WALS Normal imperative + special negative
Imperative-Hortative Systems WALS Maximal system
The Optative WALS Inflectional optative present
Situational Possibility WALS Verbal constructions
Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality WALS Direct and indirect
Coding of Evidentiality WALS Part of the tense system
Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect WALS Tense and aspect
Verbal Number and Suppletion WALS Singular-plural pairs, suppletion

Word Order

Order of Subject, Object and Verb WALS SOV
Order of Subject and Verb WALS SV
Order of Object and Verb WALS OV
Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase WALS Postpositions
Order of Genitive and Noun WALS Genitive-Noun
Order of Adjective and Noun WALS Adjective-Noun
Order of Demonstrative and Noun WALS Demonstrative-Noun
Order of Numeral and Noun WALS Numeral-Noun
Order of Relative Clause and Noun WALS Relative clause-Noun
Position of Polar Question Particles WALS No question particle
Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions WALS Initial interrogative phrase
Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause WALS Subordinating suffix
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase WALS OV and Postpositions
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun WALS OV and RelN
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun WALS OV and AdjN
Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb WALS [V-Neg]

Simple Clauses

Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases WALS Ergative - absolutive
Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns WALS Ergative - absolutive
Alignment of Verbal Person Marking WALS Neutral
Expression of Pronominal Subjects WALS Obligatory pronouns in subject position
Verbal Person Marking WALS No person marking
Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking WALS No person marking
Order of Person Markers on the Verb WALS A and P do not or do not both occur on the verb
Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give' WALS Indirect-object construction
Passive Constructions WALS Absent
Antipassive Constructions WALS No antipassive
Applicative Constructions WALS No applicative construction
Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions WALS Morphological but no compound
Negative Morphemes WALS Negative affix
Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation WALS Symmetric
Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation WALS Non-assignable
Polar Questions WALS Interrogative verb morphology

Complex Sentences

Relativization on Subjects WALS Gap
Relativization on Obliques WALS Gap
Purpose Clauses WALS Deranked
'When' Clauses WALS Deranked
Utterance Complement Clauses WALS Balanced/deranked

Lexicon

Numeral Bases WALS Hybrid vigesimal-decimal
M-T Pronouns WALS No M-T pronouns
N-M Pronouns WALS No N-M pronouns
Tea WALS Words derived from Sinitic cha

Other

Para-Linguistic Usages of Clicks WALS Logical meanings

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