Features for Persian

This language is cloned from WALS. If you need to cite or disagree with any data on this language, you will have to do so at WALS, not here.

Consonant Inventories ^WALS	Average
Vowel Quality Inventories ^WALS	Average (5-6)
Consonant-Vowel Ratio ^WALS	Average
Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives ^WALS	In both plosives and fricatives
Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems ^WALS	None missing in /p t k b d g/
Uvular Consonants ^WALS	Uvular stops only
Glottalized Consonants ^WALS	No glottalized consonants
Lateral Consonants ^WALS	/l/, no obstruent laterals
The Velar Nasal ^WALS	No velar nasal
Vowel Nasalization ^WALS	Contrast absent
Front Rounded Vowels ^WALS	None
Syllable Structure ^WALS	Complex
Tone ^WALS	No tones
Fixed Stress Locations ^WALS	Ultimate
Weight-Sensitive Stress ^WALS	Fixed stress
Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems ^WALS	No weight
Absence of Common Consonants ^WALS	All present
Presence of Uncommon Consonants ^WALS	None

Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives ^WALS	Exclusively concatenative
Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives ^WALS	Monoexponential case
Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb ^WALS	4-5 categories per word
Locus of Marking in the Clause ^WALS	Double marking
Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases ^WALS	Head marking
Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology ^WALS	Inconsistent or other
Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology ^WALS	Weakly suffixing
Reduplication ^WALS	Productive full and partial reduplication
Case Syncretism ^WALS	No case marking
Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking ^WALS	Not syncretic

Number of Genders ^WALS	None
Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems ^WALS	No gender
Systems of Gender Assignment ^WALS	No gender
Coding of Nominal Plurality ^WALS	Plural suffix
Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns ^WALS	Person-number stem
The Associative Plural ^WALS	Unique periphrastic associative plural
Definite Articles ^WALS	No definite, but indefinite article
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns ^WALS	No inclusive/exclusive
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection ^WALS	No inclusive/exclusive
Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives ^WALS	Two-way contrast
Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives ^WALS	Different inflection
Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives ^WALS	Related for non-human reference
Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns ^WALS	3rd person singular only
Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns ^WALS	Binary politeness distinction
Indefinite Pronouns ^WALS	Generic-noun-based
Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns ^WALS	Identical
Person Marking on Adpositions ^WALS	Pronouns only
Number of Cases ^WALS	2 cases
Asymmetrical Case-Marking ^WALS	Symmetrical
Position of Case Affixes ^WALS	No case affixes or adpositional clitics
Comitatives and Instrumentals ^WALS	Identity
Ordinal Numerals ^WALS	First/one-th, two-th, three-th
Distributive Numerals ^WALS	No distributive numerals
Numeral Classifiers ^WALS	Optional
Conjunctions and Universal Quantifiers ^WALS	Formally similar, without interrogative
Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes ^WALS	No possessive affixes

Obligatory Possessive Inflection ^WALS	Absent
Possessive Classification ^WALS	No possessive classification
Genitives, Adjectives and Relative Clauses ^WALS	Genitives and adjectives collapsed
Adjectives without Nouns ^WALS	Without marking
Action Nominal Constructions ^WALS	Ergative-Possessive
Noun Phrase Conjunction ^WALS	'And' different from 'with'
Nominal and Verbal Conjunction ^WALS	Identity

Perfective/Imperfective Aspect ^WALS	Grammatical marking
The Past Tense ^WALS	Present, no remoteness distinctions
The Future Tense ^WALS	No inflectional future
The Perfect ^WALS	No perfect
Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes ^WALS	Mixed type
The Morphological Imperative ^WALS	Second singular
The Prohibitive ^WALS	Normal imperative + normal negative
Imperative-Hortative Systems ^WALS	Minimal system
The Optative ^WALS	Inflectional optative absent
Situational Possibility ^WALS	Verbal constructions
Epistemic Possibility ^WALS	Other
Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking ^WALS	Overlap for either possibility or necessity
Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality ^WALS	Direct and indirect
Coding of Evidentiality ^WALS	Part of the tense system
Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect ^WALS	Tense and aspect
Verbal Number and Suppletion ^WALS	None

Order of Subject, Object and Verb ^WALS	SOV
Order of Subject and Verb ^WALS	SV
Order of Object and Verb ^WALS	OV
Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase ^WALS	Prepositions
Order of Genitive and Noun ^WALS	Noun-Genitive
Order of Adjective and Noun ^WALS	Noun-Adjective
Order of Demonstrative and Noun ^WALS	Demonstrative-Noun
Order of Numeral and Noun ^WALS	Numeral-Noun
Order of Relative Clause and Noun ^WALS	Noun-Relative clause
Order of Degree Word and Adjective ^WALS	Degree word-Adjective
Position of Polar Question Particles ^WALS	Initial
Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions ^WALS	Not initial interrogative phrase
Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause ^WALS	Initial subordinator word
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase ^WALS	OV and Prepositions
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun ^WALS	OV and NRel
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun ^WALS	OV and NAdj
Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb ^WALS	[Neg-V]
Position of Negative Morpheme With Respect to Subject, Object and Verb ^WALS	MorphNeg

Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases ^WALS	Nominative - accusative (standard)
Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns ^WALS	Nominative - accusative (standard)
Alignment of Verbal Person Marking ^WALS	Accusative
Expression of Pronominal Subjects ^WALS	Subject affixes on verb
Verbal Person Marking ^WALS	Both the A and P arguments
Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking ^WALS	Zero in all 3sg forms
Order of Person Markers on the Verb ^WALS	A precedes P
Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give' ^WALS	Indirect-object construction
Reciprocal Constructions ^WALS	Distinct from reflexive
Passive Constructions ^WALS	Present
Antipassive Constructions ^WALS	No antipassive
Applicative Constructions ^WALS	No applicative construction
Periphrastic Causative Constructions ^WALS	Purposive but no sequential
Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions ^WALS	Morphological but no compound
Negative Morphemes ^WALS	Negative affix
Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation ^WALS	Symmetric
Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation ^WALS	Non-assignable
Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation ^WALS	Predicate negation also present
Polar Questions ^WALS	Question particle
Predicative Possession ^WALS	'Have'
Predicative Adjectives ^WALS	Nonverbal encoding
Nominal and Locational Predication ^WALS	Identical
Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals ^WALS	Impossible

Relativization on Subjects ^WALS	Gap
Relativization on Obliques ^WALS	Pronoun-retention
'Want' Complement Subjects ^WALS	Subject is expressed overtly
Purpose Clauses ^WALS	Deranked
'When' Clauses ^WALS	Balanced
Reason Clauses ^WALS	Balanced
Utterance Complement Clauses ^WALS	Balanced

Numeral Bases ^WALS	Decimal
M-T Pronouns ^WALS	M-T pronouns, paradigmatic
N-M Pronouns ^WALS	No N-M pronouns
Tea ^WALS	Words derived from Sinitic cha

Para-Linguistic Usages of Clicks ^WALS	Logical meanings

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