Features for Proto-Frinthan

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Phonology

Consonant Inventories WALS Moderately large
Vowel Quality Inventories WALS Average (5-6)
Consonant-Vowel Ratio WALS Average
Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives WALS In plosives alone
Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems WALS None missing in /p t k b d g/
Uvular Consonants WALS Uvular stops only
Glottalized Consonants WALS No glottalized consonants
Lateral Consonants WALS /l/, no obstruent laterals
The Velar Nasal WALS Initial velar nasal
Vowel Nasalization WALS Contrast absent
Front Rounded Vowels WALS None
Syllable Structure WALS Complex
Tone WALS Simple tone system
Fixed Stress Locations WALS No fixed stress
Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems WALS No weight
Rhythm Types WALS Dual: both trochaic and iambic
Absence of Common Consonants WALS All present
Presence of Uncommon Consonants WALS 'Th' sounds

Morphology

Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives WALS Exclusively concatenative
Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives WALS Monoexponential case
Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb WALS 2-3 categories per word

Nominal Categories

Number of Genders WALS None
Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems WALS No gender
Systems of Gender Assignment WALS No gender
Coding of Nominal Plurality WALS Plural prefix
Occurrence of Nominal Plurality WALS All nouns, always obligatory
Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns WALS Person-number stem
The Associative Plural WALS No associative plural
Definite Articles WALS No definite or indefinite article
Indefinite Articles WALS No definite or indefinite article
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns WALS Inclusive/exclusive
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection WALS Inclusive/exclusive
Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives WALS Two-way contrast
Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives WALS Different stem
Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives WALS Related for all demonstratives
Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns WALS No gender distinctions
Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns WALS No politeness distinction
Indefinite Pronouns WALS Interrogative-based
Person Marking on Adpositions WALS No person marking
Number of Cases WALS 6-7 cases

NOM: -(ə)h (absent in consonant-final stems in South Frinthan)

ACC: i

DAT: ao

GEN: k (-nk in North Frinthan)

ABL: də

INST: p

Asymmetrical Case-Marking WALS Symmetrical
Position of Case Affixes WALS Postpositional clitics
Comitatives and Instrumentals WALS Differentiation
Ordinal Numerals WALS One-th, two-th, three-th
Distributive Numerals WALS No distributive numerals
Numeral Classifiers WALS Absent
Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes WALS Possessive suffixes

Nominal Syntax

Obligatory Possessive Inflection WALS Absent
Possessive Classification WALS No possessive classification
Genitives, Adjectives and Relative Clauses WALS Genitives and relative clauses collapsed

In a relative clause, the verb is declined as a genitive noun. Examples:

Ŕiyainuw i rombom sih - PL.plate ACC stack.PST man.NOM - "The man stacked plates."

ŕiyainuw i (gō) rombe k sih - PL.plate ACC (already) stack GEN man.NOM - "the man who stack(ed) plates"

sih (gō) rombe k ŕiyainuh - man.NOM (already) stack GEN PL.plate.NOM - "the plates the man stack(ed)"

Adjectives without Nouns WALS Not without noun

Verbal Categories

Perfective/Imperfective Aspect WALS Grammatical marking
The Past Tense WALS No past tense
The Future Tense WALS Inflectional future exists
The Perfect WALS Other perfect

Formed by partial reduplication of the stem. The exact realization varies considerably, and is dependent on the specific form of the root:

IMPERFECT - PERFECT (3.SG)

Consonant-final stems reduplicate the last vowel and the consonant:

būg - būgūg, gik - gigik

Vowel-final stems reduplicate only the consonant:

pou - poup, yaki - yakik

Cluster-final stems reduplicate only the initial consonant of the cluster:

romb - rombom, ṭarp - ṭarpar

Stems ending in ŕ, y, or w gain a final sh or s (in South Frinthan they subsequently become ə, ĭ and ŭ respectively, and eventually disappear entirely:

ōūŕo - ōūŕoŕsh/ōūŕoŕs, m̃ofyō - m̃ofyōys

ōūŕo - ōūŕoŕsh/ōūŕo(ə)s, m̃ofyō - m̃ofyō(ĭ)s

Reduplicated x becomes s:

xī - xīs

Reduplicated h becomes n:

teh - tehen

Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes WALS Tense-aspect suffixes
The Morphological Imperative WALS Second singular and second plural
The Prohibitive WALS Normal imperative + normal negative

Word Order

Order of Subject, Object and Verb WALS OVS

The order changes from OVS to OSV in relative clauses, e.g.

Hūtes pyous i aikanan Xyūdarpūwaməh. - wonderful stone ACC discover.PST Xyūdarpūwam.NOM - Xyūdarpūwam discovered a wonderful stone.

Xyūdarpūwaməh aikane k hūtes pyousəh . - Xyūdarpūwam.NOM discover GEN wonderful stone - a wonderful stone Xyūdarpūwam discovered

Order of Subject and Verb WALS VS
Order of Object and Verb WALS OV
Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb WALS XOV
Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase WALS Prepositions
Order of Genitive and Noun WALS Genitive-Noun
Order of Adjective and Noun WALS Adjective-Noun
Order of Demonstrative and Noun WALS Demonstrative-Noun
Order of Numeral and Noun WALS Numeral-Noun
Order of Relative Clause and Noun WALS Relative clause-Noun
Order of Degree Word and Adjective WALS Degree word-Adjective
Position of Polar Question Particles WALS In either of two positions
Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions WALS Not initial interrogative phrase
Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause WALS Initial subordinator word
Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb WALS NegV
Position of Negative Morpheme With Respect to Subject, Object and Verb WALS ONegVS

Simple Clauses

Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases WALS Nominative - accusative (marked nominative)
Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns WALS Nominative - accusative (standard)
Expression of Pronominal Subjects WALS Mixed
Verbal Person Marking WALS Only the A argument
Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking WALS Zero in some 3sg forms
Order of Person Markers on the Verb WALS A and P do not or do not both occur on the verb
Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give' WALS Indirect-object construction
Passive Constructions WALS Present
Antipassive Constructions WALS No antipassive
Negative Morphemes WALS Negative particle
Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation WALS Symmetric
Polar Questions WALS Question particle

Other

Writing Systems WALS Alphabetic

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